Full
Length Research Paper
Implementing Renewable Energy in
Egypt: State of the Art Review, Challenges, and Opportunities
Hadil
Elba1[*];
Ibrahim Mahdi2; Ibrahim Abdel-Rashid3 and Hassan M.
Hassan4
1,4Department of Civil Engineering, Port Said University,
Egypt.
2Department of Structural Engineering and Construction
Management, Future University in Egypt, Egypt.
3 Department of Structural Engineering, Ain Shams
University, Egypt.
ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT
Energy is a strategic resource for global
development and prosperity, significantly enhancing global social and economic
living standards. Energy use is a significant priority for many countries worldwide,
including climate warming, energy shortages, and national security.
International organizations and national governments are keen to achieve
sustainable development based on renewable energy sources and systems such as
solar energy, wind energy, biomass, hydroelectric, and hydraulic energy and to
seek the economic and environmental benefits associated with them, especially
in the possibility of saving energy and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases
and pollutants. With a population of over 100 million, Egypt's demand for
electricity is growing. Since Egypt's population has grown and its industry has
expanded, energy demand has increased. To meet the growing demand, alternative
energy options are being explored to help mitigate power shortages. With the help
of wind and solar energy, the Egyptian government has already met some of its
renewable energy needs and is moving towards using nuclear power. This follows
Egypt's strategy to increase the contribution of renewable energy to Egypt's energy mix by 2020. The Egyptian
government has taken several steps to develop, encourage, and support the
renewable energy industry. Also, to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions.
[Moharram, et al., 2022; Aboulela, et al., 2020].
We also discussed Egypt's prospects for renewable energy. Plans to
meet state needs were also included in the study. By 2022 and 2035, Egyptian
governments plan to achieve 20% and 42% penetration levels of renewable energy,
respectively. Sustainable development is gaining more attention due to the low
cost of generating electricity from renewable sources. Renewable energies can
lower the industry's costs, especially since they appear promising
(Abdel-Basset, et al., 2021). Several
researchers have reported that solar and wind energy are among the most widely
used renewable energy sources for reducing carbon emissions [Lovich &
Ennen, 2011; Aman et al., 2015]. The client focused on achieving the lowest
initial cost, expediting construction time, and ensuring the highest quality.
Meanwhile, the structural engineer prioritized minimizing structural depth and
weight and maximizing clear span (Elhegazy, et
al., 2021). During the past decades, the substantial investments in the
construction industry, both in the public and private sectors, provided a
strong impetus for researchers to develop recommendations and guidelines for
determining the optimum structural system that achieves both time and cost
savings (Elhegazy, et al., 2020)(Elhegazy, et
al., 2023).
As the energy mix changes, renewable energy plays an important role
(Abdullah, 2012). This paper clarified many of the problems and obstacles faced
by Egypt and many countries interested in the environment and utilizing
renewable energy rather than traditional energy sources. It is difficult to
access energy in rural parts of Egypt, for example, because of the many people
living there. The energy sector is key to Egypt's monetary development and
poverty reduction goals (Shouman, 2017). From 1990-2018, there has been an
increase in energy consumption of about 210% and a decrease in fossil fuel
reserves. Researchers have focused on increasing energy efficiency and
survivability to mitigate these problems. In addition, a high capacity of
renewable energy in Egypt also encourages researchers to search for and adopt
sustainable energy sources to supply energy in the future and foster a
sustainable economy. Therefore, we have concluded that no multiple studies can
be used to comprehensively review renewable energy capabilities and strategies
in Egypt until 2030. Hence, this article examines Egypt's current and future
renewable energy production capabilities and strategies to fill this gap. This
paper aims to provide an overview of Egypt's solar and wind energy potential,
its current status, and policies to encourage the diffusion of renewable energy
and the development of technology associated with it.
2.
Methodology and Data Collection
An overview
of renewable energy in Egypt, especially wind energy and solar energy, is
provided in this study. In addition to its current status and policies, it is
also developing technologies supporting renewable energy deployment. We also
explain some of the obstacles facing this development. A selection of articles,
conference proceedings, RE textbooks, references, and scientific papers
published until 2022 where RE is examined and/or its development, obstacles,
and opportunities are discussed in depth. Several renewable applications have
been reviewed in this study, either in Egypt or other countries with advanced
RE systems. In addition, the selected journals are included in the Science
Citation Index Expanded. We used SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and Web of Science as
the study research engines for data collection, analysis, and filtering. The
paper includes nine main sections, organized as follows: Section 1 provides an
introduction and a literature review; Section 2 presents the methodology and
how the data in this paper were collected. The background of renewable energy
in Egypt is provided in Section 3; Section 4 presents energy development in
Egypt. Some of the Current achievements in RE are presented in section 5;
Obstacles facing the renewable energy sector in Egypt are discussed in section
6. The Future of Renewable Energy in the Egyptian Market is clarified in
section 7. Section 8 provides the study conclusion. A discussion of future
recommendations was introduced in Section 9.
Fig 1. Chart illustrating
the study organization.
3. Background of Renewable Energy in Egypt
As Egypt's
population grows rapidly to over 100 million, its electricity demand rises. As
a result of the increase in population and industrial assets in Egypt in recent
years, a substantial increase in energy demand has been experienced, resulting
in power shortages and outages. Therefore, it became necessary to examine
alternative energy options in order to meet the growing demand (Aboulela, et al., 2020)(Ibrahim, et al., 2023).
Early in the 1980s, Egyptian energy policy included renewable energy (RE)
strategies. Considering the projections for RE technology, such a strategy has
been revised. A revised strategy was developed in response to potential
alternatives in RE technology, funding sources, and investment opportunities (El-Khayat & Ameen, 2010). Founded in 1986,
the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) evaluates and encourages
renewable energy sources through research and development (Aliyu, et al., 2017).
Egypt's
variety of its electricity sources is a significant element of its electricity
strategy. Hydro, wind, and solar sources are all incorporated into the energy
assortment. (El-Khayat & Ameen, 2010)
In addition to testing and certification laboratories, NREA developed and
implemented training programs. A total of 14,855 GWh of electricity was
produced by renewables in 2012, followed by 13,358 GWh of electricity produced
by hydroelectricity, 1260 GWh of electricity produced by wind, and 237 GWh of
electricity produced by solar PV (Energypedia,
2015). The average rate of renewable energy growth (2 percent) was
slightly higher than the average rate of primary energy growth (1.7 percent)
between 1990 and 2016 (IEA, 2018). It is planned that future projects will be
financed in two ways: governmental agreements will fund 33% of them, with NREA
handling the rest. The private sector will implement sixty-seven percent
of the future capacity under the second scheme. Private sector projects are the
responsibility of the Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company, EETC (El-Khayat & Ameen, 2010)(Salah, et al., 2022).
4. Egypt Energy development
Egypt's
government must ensure a sustainable and diverse electricity sector to meet its
increasing energy demands. Moreover, RE is important in the Strategic Plan for
Integrated Sustainable Energy 2035. Thus, Egypt established several goals
to promote the development of renewable energy, including:
·
As of 2030, Egypt
plans to generate 40% of its electricity from renewable sources and maintain
its 2035 target of 42%.
·
Achieve climate
change and natural disaster adaptation for all countries.
·
Plans, strategies,
and policies should incorporate climate change measures.
·
We need better
education, awareness, and institutional resources to mitigate, adapt, reduce,
and detect early climate change impacts.
·
Promoting climate
change education, empowerment, and mobilization among women, youth, and
communities.
Many other
goals can also be achieved through the use of renewable energy. For example, a
the International Council for Science (ICSU,
2017) shows that increasing renewable energy and universal access to
energy are likely to improve other sustainable development goals such as (UN, 2019) (Millinger, et al., 2012).
Fig 2. ICSU's 2017
sustainable development goals.
As a result
of political developments, special events, and Egypt's interest in progress in
all areas. According to the NREA. Since the strategy is flexible, it was set as
a target to produce 20% of total energy by 2022. The Supreme Council has
approved an energy plan that aims to:
Fig 3. Electricity
production 2022 (NREA, 2021).
The (NREA, 2021) published a report 2021 stating
that the Egyptian electricity, RE, and petroleum sectors worked together to
determine the optimal mix of energy production in the year 2035. With the help
of TARES, the European Union was able to accomplish this. However, until 2035,
the most important part of the project in Egypt was supporting a sustainable
and integrated energy strategy. Therefore, technical and economic scenarios
were developed to determine the optimal entry scenario for renewable energy. As
of October 2016, the Egyptian Energy Strategy has been approved by the Supreme
Council of Energy until 2035. Egypt will use scenario (4-b) as a benchmark for
planning energy for the future, aiming to reach 42% renewable energy by 2035,
as follows:
Fig 4. Electricity
production 2035 (NREA, 2021).
In order to
promote renewable energy and solve electricity shortages, the Egyptian Ministry
of Electricity introduced a feed-in tariff for solar and wind energy-generated
electricity (Aliyu, Modu, & Wei, 2017). Energy officials aim to generate
20% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020. In order to encourage
implementation, two phases are in place: Competitive Bidding and Feed-in Tariff (El-Khayat & Ameen, 2010). The Egyptian
government believed annual tariff increases were necessary to eliminate subsidies (Aboulela, et al., 2020).
5. Current achievements in renewable energy
The Egyptian
government and private sector are developing state-owned projects, competitive
bids, and feed-in tariffs. These projects are installed, maintained, and
operated with private and NREA funds. By 2022, Wind energy is predicted to
surpass hydropower, generating 12% of electricity, with an estimated installed
capacity of 7000 MW. This will result in the construction of several
large-scale projects in the forecast period, some of which will be operational
by the end of the year (Abubakr,
et al., 2022). By 2022, Egypt will achieve a 20% renewable
energy share and 42% by 2035 under its Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy
2035. With this growth, Egypt aims to generate 61,000 MW of renewable energy by
2035. As a result, the country's renewable energy market is expected to benefit
from this. Powered by 7.2
million photovoltaic solar panels, the Benban Solar Park has a potential of
1800 MW, pushing Egypt's solar energy to a new level. Additionally, the project
reduced the cost of PV systems. As
(Aboulela, et al., 2020) stated, at
present, many wind and solar farms are being established in Egypt, with a
reasonable contribution from renewable energy, such as:
The Kuraymat
solar power plant in Egypt generates 20 MW of solar energy from concentrated
solar energy. It has a combined cycle capacity of 140 MW of solar thermal
energy. Egypt is building a 3-gigawatt solar power plant in the Benban region,
south of Aswan. Additionally, wind energy is considered one of the best energy
sources in Egypt. Wind speeds reach 10 meters per second in the Gulf of Suez, Zafarana,
and the Red Sea region. It is estimated that 20,000 megawatts of installed wind
energy capacity are located west of the Gulf of Suez. (Mordorintelligence, 2020) Among the key factors
contributing to the development of the renewable energy sector is the Egyptian
government, which plans to develop renewable energy projects to surpass South
Africa as Africa's largest renewable energy market.
6. Obstacles facing the renewable energy sector in Egypt
Factors and
obstacles influenced optimal system selection, including project nature, design
team collaboration, team leader personality, and client input. Unfortunately,
existing studies often overlooked key factors impacting structural design
decisions. This study identified, investigated, and ranked factors affecting
optimal system decision-making in construction, particularly during early
project life cycles. Practitioners and experts from Egypt participated in a
structured questionnaire survey. Various factors were analyzed, spanning
feasibility study, planning, and design and engineering stages. Results
emphasized the impact of financial difficulties, communication errors,
inaccurate project duration estimates, and design changes on contractor
requests. This work guides effective construction management, enhancing
competitive, quality, and cost-effective projects (Zhong, et al., 2022)(Soliman, et al., 2023).
According to
these studies (El-Khayat & Ameen, 2010)(UN,
2019)(Dallmann, et al., 2022)(Patlitzianas, 2011), the renewable energy
strategy in Egypt faces several obstacles, which can be summarized as the
following:
Table 1. Obstacles facing
the RE sector in Egypt.
|
Various financing options |
·
Easy loan terms
for the private sector or government projects. ·
Many developing
countries still face funding challenges. |
|
Tariffs for electricity |
·
Energy is heavily
subsidized. ·
Contracts
concerning power purchase must be included. ·
Investors need
attractive prices, public or private. |
|
Infrastructure |
·
Gulf of Zayt and
East and West Nile wind farms require huge infrastructure investment to
transfer green energy. ·
Electricity
transmission requires substations, high-voltage cables, etc. ·
Electricity grid
bottlenecks. |
|
Manufacturing localization |
·
RE systems could
be cost-minimized by localizing their equipment manufacturing. ·
Reliability and
cost-effectiveness require significant development and demonstration. |
|
Probability of losing a load |
·
Installing
equivalent power plants would only add to the burden of covering potential
losses in production. |
|
Governmental |
·
Subsidies are
provided for social reasons. ·
Government
intervention must increase certainty for investors. |
|
Economical |
·
Subsidies for
conventional fuel. ·
Inadequate
financial instruments for investing in solar energy. |
|
A sociological approach |
·
Fear of
innovation drives social barriers. ·
Getting agreement
from all parties takes time. ·
Photovoltaic
energy can affect surfaces, for example. ·
Solar energy can
cause collective emotional reactions. |
|
The technical |
·
Lack of storage ·
Technology skills
include installation, operation, maintenance, and designing policies. ·
Renewable energy
limitations. |
|
Environmental |
·
Renewable energy
has been controversial. Regional ecosystem impacts, land-use implications,
and life-cycle emissions are questions (Adetokun,
et al., 2022)(Tiwari, et al., 2023). ·
COVID-19 delayed
construction projects. Peak performance was optimized. COVID-19 profoundly
disrupted the construction industry. During the post-pandemic period, Egypt
shaped a new social norm. Seven fuzzy approaches were used to analyze an
objective multi-objective project network. These findings address
post-COVID-19 project scheduling disruptions (Badra,
et al., 2024). |
7. Renewable Energy Future in the
Egyptian Market
The Egyptian
government aims to develop and establish many renewable energy projects and
increase reliance on renewable energy in the future. Therefore, it encourages
and urges competent authorities, scientists, and researchers to study renewable
energy projects and benefit from the experiences of countries with a precedent
in exploiting renewable energy and studying the global and local market to
follow up on governmental, private, national, or individual projects. For
example, (Debanjan & Karuna, 2022) assessed the challenges India will face when on-grid renewables reach
50%. A growing share of on-grid renewables results in inertia and
frequency response. 80% of on-grid renewable power in 2040 has been well
reviewed, and there has been an explanation of various control strategies and
technologies for on-grid renewables in India for frequency response. We also
demonstrated how inertia loss impacts systems with hundreds to thousands of
kWp. In Australia, (Strazzabosco, et al., 2022)
investigated how mining companies can reduce their energy costs and greenhouse
gas emissions from operations. The adoption of renewable energy by Australian
mining companies over time. Also identified are areas for renewable energy
intervention in mining. China's sustainable building development article used a
kindergarten competition design as an example. Solar energy reduces climate
change, global warming, and pollution in green buildings. The article explored
how buildings can adapt to local conditions to improve quality. As a result,
buildings are eco-friendly and sustainable
(Zhang, et al., 2021).
Numerous
research studies discussed integrating optimization techniques into preliminary
cost estimates and predicting the impacts of design alternatives for steel
pedestrian bridges (SPBs). The cost estimation process utilized two main
parameters, with the primary objective being creating a cost estimation model.
This study explored a flexible model design, leveraging computing capabilities
for decision-making. By employing cost optimization techniques, the model
identified optimal pedestrian bridge systems based on multiple criteria that
could change independently. The research focused on four prevalent types of SPB
systems in Egypt and worldwide. Additionally, the study proposed developing a
computerized cost and weight optimization model empowering decision-makers to
select the optimal system for SPBs, aligned with established criteria (Badra, et al., 2023).
Data related
to residential energy consumption were collected from 100 dwellings
independently (Almasri, et al., 2023).
The collected data determined energy consumption indicators and dynamic energy
analysis. The monthly average was 30832 to 36,166 kWh, and the annual average
was 1500 to 4500 kWh. The average hourly electrical consumption on working days
was 4.12kWh; on curfew days, 4kWh. Air conditioning accounts for 67.34%, water
heating accounts for 9.31%, lighting accounts for 8.18%, and kitchen appliances
account for 15.17%, respectively. KSA shows total energy efficiency is 142.9%,
compared with % previously reported 77.52%. It ranges from 11.13% to 11.38% in
the Qassim region. Clear energy consumption indicators and energy efficiency
are presented in this work. As a result, energy efficiency standards can be
established in various economic sectors. (Al-Othman,
et al., 2022) (Liu, et al., 2022) (Song, et al., 2022) (Wu, et al., 2023)
(Elkadeem, et al., 2020) (He, et al., 2022; Elkadeem, et al., 2020)
discussed the rapid development of energy technology and sustainable practices.
Green hydrogen is being developed for hydrogen economies and energy management.
Hybrid renewable energy systems are critical to the success of hydrogen-driven
systems. AI in HRESs was discussed, including solar photovoltaic and wind
energy combined with fuel cells (FCs). Using AI and data, models identified
optimal conditions for power production. AI-enabled solutions can anticipate
the disadvantages of HRES during peak loads. Artificial intelligence can
optimize, predict, and control desalination design stages. The application of
AI in seawater desalination is summarized. Desertification and drought in Egypt
can also be combated with renewable energies
(Ibrahim, 2012). Egypt's Vision 2030 aims for a prosperous, affordable,
balanced, and sustainable economy. A Sustainable Energy Strategy for 2035 was
released by the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy in 2015 (IRENA, 2018). The Egyptian government is expanding renewable energy production
in cooperation with the business sector
(Moharram, et al., 2022).
In pursuing
advancing construction projects that integrate renewable energy in
Egypt, the strategic adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) was strongly
advocated. Many design permutations, material selections, and methodological
choices existed within any construction endeavor, each contributing to
realizing the project’s ultimate objectives. The optimal design solution
necessitated a delicate equilibrium between cost, performance, and reliability.
This equilibrium was discerned through the application of value engineering
(VE) analysis. Value engineering, a well-established management technique, was
pivotal for identifying alternative design approaches. VE ensured technical
proficiency in performance by satisfying project requirements while
concurrently minimizing costs. Ipowered decision-makers to navigate the
intricate landscape of construction trade-offs, ultimately steering projects
toward successful outcomes (Chakraborty, et al.,
2020)(Elhegazy, 2022). In (Chakraborty,
et al., 2020)(Elhegazy, et al., 2022), the predictive capabilities of
six distinct machine learning algorithms were compared: linear regression,
artificial neural network, random forest, extreme gradient boosting, light
gradient boosting, and natural gradient boosting. The findings demonstrated
that a hybrid model combining light and natural gradient boosting yielded the
most desirable construction cost estimates. These estimates were evaluated
based on accuracy metrics, uncertainty assessments, and training speed. Additionally,
a model interpretation technique grounded in game theory was introduced. This
technique allowed for the evaluation of the average marginal contribution of
each feature value across all feasible feature combinations, influencing the
model predictions. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid model facilitated
uncertainty estimation through probabilistic predictions for real-valued
outputs. This probabilistic approach generated a comprehensive probability
distribution across the entire outcome space, effectively quantifying the
uncertainties associated with construction cost predictions.
7.1. Mechanisms to support the use of renewable energy sources
Based on the
vision of the Egyptian governate (NREA, 2021). The
Egyptian government is developing renewable energy sources following Law No.
203 of 2014, which governs renewable energy development in Egypt as follows: -
·
Tenders
(EPC): Government construction projects tendered by
NREA.
·
Build-Own-Operate
Projects (BOO): Investors submit projects, and EETC awards the
lowest kWh price.
·
Feed
IN-Tariff: Electricity from private companies is sold to
the grid.
·
Auctions: State
projects are announced and awarded based on the lowest price.
·
Net
Metering: Systems up to 20 MW.
·
Independent
Power Producers (IPP): Companies that generate power for their loads or
consumers.
7.2. Government Renewable Energy Legislation (NREA, 2020):
Fig 5. Government
Renewable Energy Legislation (NREA, 2020)
7.3. Government initiatives and projects
As part of
its 2030 vision, Egypt plans mega solar projects. An overview of projects and
statistics in this field. In two years, 126 solar farms were built in Egypt.
Government solar power plants produce 1.8 megawatts. The station capacity is 5
to 500 kW. Voltalia and Karim El-Lazzawi discussed ways to improve cooperation.
The minister said, “Egypt's sun shines most days of the year ”. The Green
Climate Fund and European banks invested in ACWA Power's solar power plant in
Egypt (Ibrahim, et al., 2023). According
to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Kom Ombo will add 200
megawatts to the Egyptian energy sector. Based on (Mordorintelligence, 2020), Within the Integrated Sustainable
Energy Strategy 2035, Egypt seeks by 2022 to generate 20% of its electricity
from renewable energy and by 3035, 42%. 61,000 MW of renewable energy will be
generated, including 31,000 MW of solar power, 12,000 MW of CSP, and 18,000 MW
of wind power. Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company and AMEA Power signed
a 20-year take-or-pay deal for a 200MW solar and 500MW wind energy project
inside Egypt. Benban Solar Park is revolutionizing the Egyptian solar energy
market with 1800 MW and 7.2 million panels. Benban's US$2.1 billion investment
also reduced the cost of PV systems. The Egyptian government will achieve its
renewable target by 2035. It is possible to exploit renewable energy in the
residential sector in developing countries, such as Egypt, where affordable
energy is a major barrier to accessing modern energy, especially in rural areas
that are often poor and vulnerable. Because of this, these communities rely
heavily on traditional fuel sources. In particular, solar energy systems
stimulate local economic activity and improve living conditions. Additionally,
distributed solar power generation systems provide energy solutions (Shouman, 2017)(Eversheds, 2015)(Adun, et al., 2022).
8. Conclusion
Most
countries' energy sectors have been in turmoil for ten to fifteen years.
Egypt's energy sector is reorganizing, developing, and integrating renewable
energy but has trouble implementing reforms. Many factors have contributed,
including the diversity of actors involved, shifting public perceptions, and
policies over time that may have seemed rational in the past but now impose
unsustainable burdens. (Ahuja & Tatsutani,
2009) In addition, global energy prices have increased sharply over the
past two years, raising concerns about conventional oil (as well as natural gas
in some parts of the world), continued strong global demand, and more. Because
of climate change awareness, energy policy discussions have become more urgent
and focused on renewable energy. The renewable energy sector in Egypt has
attracted much attention, progress, and interest, as well as the facilitation
of all future opportunities because of its advantages. Furthermore, electricity
supplies can be diverted quickly and cheaply to meet Egypt's growing energy
demand. As Egypt's population and investments increase, renewable energy has
become an important part of its reform plan. The renewable energy mechanisms
are designed to encourage and introduce private investors to the sector. In
this way, they can reveal the realistic costs of energy supply. Furthermore, it
will facilitate and expand the possibility of bilateral agreements, and an
independent, commercially oriented operator of transmission networks will be
needed.
9. Recommendations
The
recommendations outlined in this paper encompass a range of measures
categorized as short-term, medium-term, and long-term. These measures
underscore the need to enhance systems and processes for adequately responding
to the current changing environment and effectively confronting such
disruptions in the future (Elnaggar &
Elhegazy, 2022).
According to
the study, the following are opinions to focus on in the future regarding
renewable energy to provide and develop energy for Egypt and all countries that
seek welfare in the foreseeable future:
· Develop new ways to encourage private investment
in renewable energy projects.
· Various lands and sites exposed to solar energy
produce clean energy and make the most of these lands.
· Promoting the marketing of solar cells for
individual use.
· Growing awareness of the need to use clean energy
instead of other types of energy causes many problems for the environment in
the long run.
· Investigate ways to overcome the obstacles and
challenges associated with using renewable energy.
· Supporting small and medium-sized businesses
effectively is imperative for developing domestic technology. The result is
that renewable energy will compete more effectively in the energy market.
· Several projects and lands are being utilized to
produce solar energy using solar cells between the Red Sea coast and the Nile
River.
· Wave energy may be able to generate energy in
coastal areas.
· The Egyptian government should agree with
Ethiopian authorities to find a solution that benefits both countries. It is
imperative that Egypt maintains hydropower production stability and expands
hydropower production.
· Despite its high solar, wind, and bioenergy
potential, the Gulf of Suez region is a major renewable energy source.
· So far, there has been a lack of interest in
using biomass from agricultural waste to meet the increasing energy demand.
A conflict of interest
On
behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no
conflict of interest.
Data Availability Statement
All
data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the
submitted article.
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